In addition, dopamine levels were significantly higher in problem gamblers during casino gambling compared to non-problem gamblers. Heart rate and norepinephrine levels increased with the onset of blackjack in both groups, with problem gamblers showing significantly higher levels across the entire gambling session. Heart rate and endocrine measures were recorded at baseline, at 30, 60 and 90 min during gambling/card playing, and after the game. During the control session, subjects played cards for accumulation of points. In the experimental session, participants played blackjack in a casino wagering their own money. Fourteen male problem gamblers and 15 non-problem gamblers were examined in a balanced cross-over design. Therefore, the effect of casino gambling on the sympathoadrenal system, the HPA-axis, and pituitary hormones were analyzed. However, the neuroendocrine response to gambling is largely unknown. Problematic gambling is thought to be influenced by neurobiological mechanisms.
